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1. Mike Post, Composer: Law & Order. Mike Post - musician, composer, arranger and producer - has long been considered the most successful composer in television history. His career in television started in 1970. Over the years, he's written the music for seven thousand hours of TV including: Law and Order: Special Victims Unit, Law & Order Criminal Intent, Law & Order and Nurses.
2. Tunnel of Love – 08:15 02. Romeo and Juliet – 06:04 03. Skateaway – 06:42 04. Expresso Love – 05:13 05. Hand In Hand – 04:49. (MAC OS X) Rules.
3. Tunnel of Love is the fourth EP by American hip hop group Insane Clown Posse, released on June 11, 1996 by Psychopathic Records. It is the third and final 'sideshow' entry in the group's Dark Carnival saga.

The Naked Truth about Speaker-Cables

Bananas, bananas. More lengths of cable talk we have to do..

[Italian version]

Well folks, it has been a while since I have written about Cables.So, if you don't believe in Cables, or if you have bought thelatest boutique Wire and want to remain happy with your Purchase,you best stop reading now..

This 'naked Truth about Speaker-Cables' could be seenas second installment to 'The Naked Truth about Interconnect-Cables'. It deals with a few more of the issues around Cables in generaland focuses on Speaker-Cables.
The DIY-part will attempt to provide a simple, inexpensive andeasy to make Speaker-Cable. It will nevertheless, due to its inherentconstruction, provide a significant improvement over most commercialSpeaker-Cables and if I dare say so myself, even over the TNT-StarDIY Speaker-Cable.

Anyone intending to save the dry theory and just wanting to getstuck in with making cables; you can go ahead and make one outof these two:
A Cable intended to be an all out Assault on the state of theArt, the 'UBYTE-2' Cable .
Alternatively you can keep it a bit simpler and more sane. Just make the 'FFRC' (Full Frequency Range Cable). This is a Cable intended to be a significant Upgrade over something like the common, moderately expensive, multi-stranded Cable generally employed and sold as 'Specialist Speaker-Cable'.

The stark naked and ugly truth

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I think first of all it is important to realise that VERY fewso called Cable Manufacturers really make their own Wire and Cable.More often the actual wire employed is only a slightly customisedversion of what any of the large cable and wire making companies like Beldenproduce.

In more than a few cases I have seen Cables, were the 'customisation'actually meant a Jacket in the latest Designer-colour and somefancy print. Some Companies do exist, which do a lot of fundamentalresearch and often make some or all components for their Cablein their own Factories.

The numbers are however VERY few, as such an approach requiresa lot of capital to be invested. Other Companies have found byaccident or research a certain commercially made cable or wire which worked very well. They strated to market a cable based on this and later managed to have this Wire improved by adjusting it to their Spec.

In many cases I have found that the price cannot be taken as indicatoras to how and by whom the Cable you are buying has actually beenmanufactured. So I think it is fair and true (but very uncomfortable)to say that most specialist 'HiFi-Cables' are an exercisein marketing to about 95 % and maybein Research for 5%.
Please remember, not all companies selling specialist HiFi-Cables are guilty of these practices, but many are. Please also note that in my following Article I do mention a number of companies making or selling HiFi-cables.
Their inclusion does not constitue as such an endorsement of their products or indeed a statement to the contrary. It is simply that their products are well known and often are typical for a specific design-technique mentioned.

Cables - are they different?

So what makes the average High-End Cable tick and what can beconsidered as 'universally' good?
I divide audible effects affecting the performance of the Cableinto three Orders. They are the First, Second and Third in orderof Importance and sonic impact. See 'The Naked Truth about Interconnect-Cables' for a more detailed description of these orders of effects.

It should be noted that depending on external and interface conditionssecond order effects and first order effects can sometimes changeplaces in terms of magnitude..
I would propose, that the usual RLC parameters (as with Resistance[R] , Inductance [L] and Capacitance [C] ) should be viewed asfirst order effects, though not in all situations each parametercarries the same weighting.

Let's have an example for the different weighting in RLC Parameters,due to the relevant source and load impedance's. In Interconnectsthe source-impedance is between a few ohms and a few kilo-ohmand load impedance between 10 kilo-ohm and about 1 mega-ohm (bothusually mostly resistive).

As a result the Capacitance (C) is a prevalent characteristicwith Resistance (R) and Inductance (L) relegated usually BELOWmost second Order Effects in their magnitude of sonic impact.
A second order effect, the Dielectric Absorbtion (DA) becomeshere a first order effect in audible magnitude. So the main parametersfor Interconnects are C and DA as long as R and L are kept insane regions (see 'The naked Truth about Interconnects').
The Skin effect remains relevant (but firmly in the second OrderCamp) as does the Maxwell Effect (more on both later).
The limitation in bandwidth is mostly effected by the LowpassFilter composed out of the source-impedance and the cable's capacitance.A Bandwidth of about 100 kHz is desirable for this interface tomake sure that the phase-shift and frequency response drop at20 kHz remain acceptable.
The DA will determine time-smear and distortion of the Cable togetherwith further second order effect and the third order effects...

Let's look at Speaker-Cables.

Here the impedance's are, a source impedance of about 0.1 Ohmto about 8 ohm. It is mostly resistive with small inductive componentand the load is 2-16 Ohm average impedance but has large reactivevariations. Most Speakers also show an about 50 uH - 100 uH residualinductance from the uncompensated tweeter inductance.

Thus, unlike as in Interconnects, the Capacitance and DA can (mostly)be relegated into the second Order Camp. Due to the low impedance'sin the load and the Source impedance of the Amplifier, the R andL of the Speaker Cable become highly relevant.

The Skin and Maxwell-Effects are being promoted from second ordereffect to first order Status. The bandwidth of the Cable and thefrequency-dependent phaseshift will be a direct function of theseparameters.
The Situation is complicated by the fact that certain amplifiersare very sensitive to capacitive components in the Speaker-load(NVA, NAIM, Linn to name a few culprits). So with Speaker-Cablesindeed many bet's are off.

It seems that for Speaker-cables a low but matched R and L (sothat the attenuation remains constant with Frequency over theAudio-band) is desirable combined with a low Capacitance and highquality dielectric.
It is essential that the Skin-effect and the Maxwell-effect aretaken into account.
>From my simulations and practical tests it also seems desirableto allow for an optional Speakerside 'Terminator' Network.This should compensate the Inductive Rise of the Tweeter if required(depends on the Cables RL Values and the Speakers X-Over Design).
It may also be advisable to build into the Cable an (optional)Pi-Network at the Amplifier Side. This will ensure the stableoperation of even the most 'Hairshirt' designed Amplifiersand prevent RF Ingress into the Amplifiers feedback loop (if anyis used) via the output.

First, Second - Third - who cares as long as we get to the Finish..

Having already touched on the Second Order Effects, let's lookat some of these effects and how to avoid the negative influence of these.

The possibly most objectionable second order effect is due to the choice of the conductor. Here we could be using multiple non-individually insulated Conductors or the use of so called 'solid core' cable.
A specific form of the Solid Core Cable is the so called 'Litzendraht'a braid made from individually insulated (enameled) conductors.
True 'Litzendraht' (Litz-wire) is braided similar toKimber Cable and was originally invented by Nicola Tesla WAY BACKin time. Modern realisations are often called 'Hyper-Litz'arrangements, why the 'Hyper-Litz' I do not know.
Because these cables eschew the braiding and instead use simple parallel wires, they loose the Litzwire's advantage of canceling the wires magneticfield to a good degree..
Now let's look at the typical multistranded speaker-cable, which may be the well-known 'Monster Speaker-Cable' or the many clones sold by anyone from Radioshack/Tandy to Wall-mart.
This uses a large number of non individual insulated copper conductors twisted together for each Conductor. It is usually sheathed in transparent or clear PVC or PU. The Geometry is the so called figure-8 pattern, also called shotgun configuration.
Multistranded conductors have a problem. In an Ideal world, no electrons would ever 'cross' the boundaries between the individual conductors. In the real world they do that all time.
(see Article Quantum Tunnel of Love, issue 8a,9a/92 of Bound for Sound)

Both the huge metal-to-metal surfaces themselves, crystal grain boundaries and surface oxidation make the interstrand conduction much less linear than conduction through pure copper.
In effect we introduce something not entirely unlike (but alsonot entirely like) the crossover distortion of a Solid State ClassB Amplifier.
A solid copper conductor or a Litz-type wire will still have somenon-linear conduction due to impurities and Grain-boundaries,but these are much less in magnitude.
Our next stops are Skin- and Maxwell- Effect.
The skin effect says that with rising AC frequency the electronflow is being pushed more and more to the outer surface of theConductor.
It does not matter if a Conductor is 12 Gauge solid Copper, or a Conductor of a 12 Gauge multi-stranded Cable ('Monster-Cable'), both will appear as 12-Gauge solid Copper round conductors.
So, the higher the frequency, the more of the signal conduction will happen in the outer layers of the cabel.
The conventional cables multistranded conductor will show even moreproblems, due the non-linear interstrand conduction near the surface,the presence of surface oxidisation and the like. Can you spellTreble Grit..?
For all it is worth, the Skindepth for a round Copper Conductorat 20 kHz is about equivalent to the Diameter of a 20 AWG Conductor.
At this depth from the conductors surface the current densityis 63 %. Hence a 20 Gauge conductor should not experience skin-effectrelated problems below 20 kHz. As I have already mentioned the100 kHz Bandwidth Requirement we should really expand this toapply to the Skin effect.

It should be noted that the remaining current-flow betweenthis depth and the surface is heavily skewed towards the surface of the conductor, so in more ways then one we'd rather like as thin a solid conductor as feasible.
It appears that 24 to 26 Gauge individual conductors make fora good compromise between bandwidth and manufacturing requirements(or the ability to adapt readily available commercial wire forSpeaker-cables).

The Maxwell Effect works at the other end of the Spectrum (bass)and is a bit harder to explain. I will not even try. Read thePaper Prof. Malcom Hawkesford submitted to AES (Audio EngineeringSociety) if you feel like doing a bit of serious mathematical self abuse.
The Upshot is that a thin conductor will also IMPROVE the LOW-ENDperformance. Hence the Conductor providing the widest bandwidth (measured and subjective) all else being equal is the thinner one.
A thin conductor introduces a lot of resistance, giving us problemswith the Series Resistance in our Cable.

So we to use for example flat, thin and wide Foil Conductors to get the resistance down to a sensible level for Speaker-Connections as implemented for example by Goertz Cable, Sonolith and Magnan Cables.
Another option is to arrange a lot of thin individual Conductorsin a Litz or 'Hyper-Litz' pattern (XLO, Audioquest,Cardas, Kimber and Tara).
Either solution provides us usually with some problems regardingthe Cables Geometry and hence often the RLC Parameters are shiftedin ways that are undesirable.

Let's summarise:

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A (universally) good Speaker-Cable has a low Resistance and Inductance(though a certain balancing Act is recommended for Speakers witha non-resistive impedance) and moderately low Capacitance.

It will ideally employ multiples of very thin round Conductorswith individual insulation or use thin Foils.
It will not use multistranded Conductors and it will minimiseboth Skin- and Maxwell- Effects.

And where do the DIY Cables fit in?

The UBYTE-2 Cable, developed by me, conforms to most conditions.
An exception is that about one third of the Conductor-CSA (cross-sectionalArea) for each 'leg' is made up from 18-Gauge Solidround copper. This will restrict the Bandwidth of Cable slightly,but helps to utilise a relatively easily available commercialcoaxial wire and to achieve a reasonably low DCR.

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The outer copper Foil Conductor carries the major load of thecurrent and conforms to the solid and thin model.
The specific geometry (as developed by Jon M. Risch) allows fora fairly good set of RLC parameters.
For a 5m Length of Speakercable there is about 0.1 Ohm DCR combinedwith about 1uH Inductance. The Capacitance is around 800 pF for5m.
Into a resistive 6 ohm load (respective of most modern tweeters+ Zobel) load that will allow a - 3dB Bandwidth in excess of 300 kHz.
The maximum frequency response deviation over the 20 Hz to 20kHz frequency range for a Speaker falling to a 4 Ohm Minimum will be about -0.2 dB. This will be at the 4 Ohm minimum, as compared to an infinite load impedance.
So a DC to 60 kHz bandwidth with a +/-0.1 dB deviation from the1 kHz point and minimal phase response deviation should be possibleinto a compensated Loudspeaker. The compensation may be part ofthe Cable if required.
That is not very good, but I think it a tolerable technical performance. In many cases the Output impedance of the driving Amplifier will produce larger errors. Many expensive commercial cables do not remotely achieve this standard of performance.

Also the FFRC - 'Full Frequency Range Cable' is stillvery good with respect to fulfilling the requirements for highquality Audio.

The use of multiple individually insulated conductors of 24-Gauge thickness guarantees freedom from the effects of non-linear conduction as found in multistranded cables. The tickness is such that any skin-effect related problems are pushed out of the audiorange.
With a high quality insulation and a geometry to minimise inductance and capacitance even the lowly FFRC still is miles ahead of all multistranded cables, regardless of make or price.
I have carried out an extensive series of Measurements and PSpiceSimulation that included popular Cables (like Kimber 4TC, GoertzMI-2, Cable Talk 3 and Reson LS-350 and others). These confirmed that both into a matched and an unmatched simulated Speaker-load the 'UBYTE-2' Cable will give the overall flattest response.

The FFRC is not that far behind, but is solidly beaten by theGoertz MI-2 and ever so slightly by the Kimber 4TC.
The rest of the Cables was just terrible.
A partial exception was interestingly the Reson LS-350, a verythin Cable with a pair of widely spaced thin and solid conductors.
This cable has a high series-resistance and inductance. Most people and reviewers take an instant dislike to this cable because of the thinness of it's conductors. Yet it's bandwidth into a real-world Speaker was surprisingly large.

However with its rather thin cross-section it will likely notmake a good match with quite a number of speakers, so as a universally applicable speaker-cable, it is not too well suited.
Hence I think it can be said that the basic engineering for boththe 'UBYTE-2' and the 'FFRC' is sound andfit for the purpose.

The fact that it outperforms on measurements and listening testsalmost any sensibly priced Speakercable on the Market earns the'UBYTE' (Usually Beats Your Terrible Engineering) tagfor the 'UBYTE-2' Speaker-cable.
In combination with (optional) Speaker- and Amplifier-Side Networkswe can match this Cable to almost any conceivable combinationof Equipment.

Various 'audiophile' construction details (Air/PolyethyleneDielectric, Solid Conductors, Foil Conductors and the like) addressmany suspected but scientifically largely unconfirmed effects,detrimental to sound quality.
The UBYTE-2 has yet to bettered by a commercially available Cablein the Mid-Price Range up to at least 30-50 Dollar Meter. Ihave not yet been able to try even more expensive cables in ahead to head test..

Skate or drive mac os. In comparison, the 'FFRC' is only 'good'.Its main advantage is material cost below many of even the most basic'Speaker-Cables' with a performance more akin to serious'High-End' Cable.. It also is much easier to make.

Where do we go from here?

With the above, regardless if care to make your own High-End Speaker-Cableor to use what you might have learned to avoid the worst pitfallsof buying expensive Speaker-Cables, you should be well equipped..

The next time around I will be talking about the biggest gripein High-End Cables.

Something few people of any remotely engineering related background would put any Stock in.
I will be talking about Mains-Cables.. And Mains conditioning.
Until then, good tunes to all of you..

© Copyright 1998 Thorsten Loesch and TNT-Audio

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Peter Frampton Band – Peter Frampton Forgets The Words (2021) [WEB, CD-Quality + Hi-Res]

Peter Frampton Band – Peter Frampton Forgets The Words (2021) [WEB, CD-Quality + Hi-Res]
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Label: Universal | Genre: Pop Rock

Peter Frampton launched a farewell tour in 2019, right on the heels of announcing his positive diagnosis for a progressive muscle disorder called inclusion body myositis. Realizing he had limited time before he couldn't perform music anymore, he decided to hit the road and to start recording as many albums as possible, including Frampton Forgets the Words, a semi-sequel to 2006's Fingerprints, his first all-instrumental LP.Read More